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Reuse of surfactants and co-solvents for NAPL remediation
Author : Jeffrey H. Harwell
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN 13:
Total pages: 360pages
Book rating: 4.3/5(91download files)
Book Synopsis Surfactant and Cosolvent Reuse for NAPL Remediation by Jeffrey H. Harwell
Download or read the book Surfactant and Cosolvent Reuse for NAPL Remediation by Jeffrey H. Harwell and published by CRC Press. This book was published in 2000 with a total of 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Excerpt from the book: This monograph explores new and unconventional methods of in situ treatment for groundwater remediation. The editors present the results of laboratory studies and field tests of the new technology and discuss its performance and potential applications. They also provide a cost and economic analysis of its use.
Re-use surfaktanata i
Author : C H Ward
Publisher:
ISBN 13: 9780849341496
Total pages: pages
Book rating: 4.3/5(414download files)
Synopsis of the book Surfactant Reuse and author: C H Ward
Download or read the book Reusing Surfactants written by C H Ward and published by . This book was published on June 1, 2000 with total pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Excerpt from the book:
Surfactants and Cosolvents for NAPL Remediation Handbook of Technology Practices
Author : Donald F. Lowe
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN 13: 9780849341175
Total pages: 444pages
Book rating: 4.3/5(411download files)
Book Synopsis Surfactants and Cosolvents for NAPL Remediation Handbook of Technology Practices by: Donald F. Lowe
Download or read Surfactants and Cosolvents for NAPL Remediation A Technology Practices Manual written by Donald F. Lowe and published by CRC Press. This book was published on 1999-03-26 with a total of 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book Excerpt: A $19.3 million Department of Defense grant to Rice University funds the Advanced Applied Technology Demonstration Center (AATDF). One of the goals of the project is to develop strategies to reduce non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL) in the subsurface. Surfactants and Cosolvents for NAPL Remediation records the results of AATDF research. The manual is a guide to the practical application of surfactants/cosolvents for in situ remediation. It is intended for decision makers and anyone involved in the design or implementation of these technologies. The book discusses the situational viability of surfactants/cosolvents, possible outcomes, design and operation. Includes case studies, step-by-step instructions, and project costing worksheets. AATDF's successful research results, such as the documented surfactants and cosolvents for NAPL remediation, are an invaluable contribution to the future of subsurface remediation. Without reducing the source NAPL, the alternative is decades of plume management through pump and treat.
Surfactants, foams and microemulsions for NAPL removal
Author : C. H. Ward
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN 13: 1420026208
Total pages: 592pages
Book rating: 4.4/5(2download files)
Book Synopsis Surfactants, Foams and Microemulsions for NAPL Removal by C. H. Ward
Download or read the book NAPL Removal Surfactants, Foams, and Microemulsions by C. H. Ward and published by CRC Press. This book was published on April 19, 2016 with a total of 592 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book Excerpt: Complete and Quantitative, NAPL Removal: Surfactants, Foams, and Microemulsions, is part of a ten monograph series documenting the results of environmental technology demonstrations by the Department of Defense/Advanced Applied Technology Demonstration Facility. It represents the result of field demonstrations of innovative in situ remediation technology
Modular systems for rehabilitation testing
Author : C. H. Ward
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN 13: 9781566704687
Total pages: 308pages
Book rating: 4.7/5(46download files)
Sinopsis knjige Modular Remediation Testing Systems od: C. H. Ward
Download or read the book Modular Remediation Testing Systems written by C. H. Ward and published by CRC Press. This book was published on 1999-08-23 with a total of 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book Excerpt: Modular Remediation Testing Systems documents a unique modular test environment designed for use in remediation technology development and for the selection of on-site remediation technologies. This complete design and operation manual gives you the tools you need to complete successful, cost-effective rehabilitation projects. The main attributes of this system, the Experimental Controlled Release System (ECRS), that distinguish it from previous test facilities include the following: Portable - can be shipped to the researcher's site or remediation site Tightly closed - facilitates mass balance Large pilot plant - a step below full-scale demonstration size Flexible test conditions - vadose zone or aquifer, chemical discharge or contaminated soil, air spray or ALL Easy to manufacture - developed design drawings, standard equipment Easy to operate and maintain - easy access, standard equipment Affordable - easy to ship and install, reduced regulatory requirements, minimal maintenance Faster tests - reduced or eliminated permitting, operate within one week of arrival, can be programmed for 24 hours This monograph presents the key information needed to design, build and operate similar modular remediation test systems or utilize two existing modular ECRS facility. The well-sealed, overhead modular design of the system reduces leakage to the environment, facilitates mass balances and controls test conditions. This allows multiple uses with minimal permissions. Modular Remediation Testing Systems is a comprehensive reference for environmental engineering researchers and engineering consultants and regulators looking for a pilot system. These pilot systems are uniquely suited to both research development and real-world application at remediation sites.
Rehabilitation of the impact beams of the shooting range
Author : C. H. Ward
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN 13: 1420026216
Total pages: 416pages
Book rating: 4.4/5(2download files)
Sinopsis knjige Remediation of Firing Range Impact Berms od: C. H. Ward
Download or read the book Remediation of Firing Range Impact Berms by C. H. Ward and published by CRC Press. This book was published on April 19, 2016 with a total of 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book Excerpt: Part of an ongoing effort to provide innovative in-situ remediation techniques, Impact Berm Remediation at the Range presents the results of a soil leaching and leaching project. The primary objective of the demonstration was to provide reliable, detailed performance data to assess the feasibility and cost of implementing a full-scale system.
Phytoremediation of soils contaminated with hydrocarbons
Author : Stephanie Fiorenza
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN 13: 1000158004
Total pages: 217pages
Book rating: 4.0/5(1download files)
Synopsis of the book Phytoremediation of soil contaminated with hydrocarbons by Stephanie Fiorenza
Download or read the book Phytoremediation of Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soils written by Stephanie Fiorenza and published by CRC Press. This book was published on 18.12.2020. with a total of 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Excerpt from the book: Interest in phytoremediation as a solution to contaminants in groundwater and soil has exploded. The project documented in Phytoremediation of Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soils presents an innovative technology for environmental cleanup using in situ treatment. Describes the results of a field study focused on hydrocarbon contamination, particularly polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, in surface and near-surface soils. Soils contaminated with old diesel fuels were used in the field demonstration. A randomized block design allowed the researchers to test for a statistical difference in the effects of different vegetated and non-vegetated treatments. They examined the degradation of diesel components and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in plots containing three different vegetation treatments, two grasses and one legume, and a no-vegetation control. The first part of the monograph provides a complete and exhaustive presentation of the results of the field research. The second part covers the design and potential costs of implementing a full-scale demonstration system, as well as the performance and potential application of the new technology. Phytoremediation of soil contaminated with hydrocarbons provides quantitative results on the use of vegetation in soil remediation. The information given about the niches and limitations of the technologies enables a more informed choice of remedial solutions for environmental cleaning.
Monitoring of underground contamination using laser fluorescence
Author : Katharine Balshaw-Biddle
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN 13: 1000724468
Total pages: 185pages
Book rating: 4.0/5(7download files)
Synopsis of the book Monitoring Subsurface Contamination Using Laser Fluorescence by Katharine Balshaw-Biddle
Download or read the book Monitoring Subsurface Contamination Using Laser Fluorescence by Katharine Balshaw-Biddle, published by CRC Press. This book was published on August 16, 2019 with a total of 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Excerpt from the book: While it is necessary to develop innovative technologies in remediation, it is also necessary to develop innovative methods of site assessment. This monograph describes the development, testing, and performance of a new laser-induced fluorescent soil probe. A site characterization verification tool, this probe has the potential to provide a cost-effective, rapid assessment of contaminated sites. The Cone Penetrometer testing equipment moves a probe underground. The probe identifies hydrocarbon classes using a multichannel excitation and emission matrix. This technique facilitates the collection of significant amounts of subsurface information - surpassing conventional data collection methods - that can be used to quickly identify problem areas beneath a site. The technology has significant applications for: Rapid on-site environmental assessment Monitoring of remediation programs Monitoring of industrial wastewater production processes and operations Monitoring of subsurface contamination using laser fluorescence provides comprehensive reference material for researchers and engineers as well as engineering consultants interested in subsurface monitoring techniques or further development of this technology. It describes innovative technology that focuses on finding cost-effective solutions for site assessment and remediation.
Extraction of steam from soil using radiofrequency heating
Author : Donald F. Lowe
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN 13: 9781566704649
Total pages: 374pages
Book rating: 4.7/5(46download files)
Synopsis of the book Soil Vapor Extraction Using Radio Frequency Heating by Donald F. Lowe
Download or read the book Soil Vapor Extraction Using Radio Frequency Heating written by Donald F. Lowe and published by CRC Press. This book was published on 1999-12-06 with a total of 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Excerpt from the book: One of the most commonly used techniques to treat soil contaminated with volatile organic compounds, soil vapor extraction (SVE) can also be applied to semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC) if the soil is heated, by applying electromagnetic energy to radio frequency (FR) range, to increase the vapor pressure of the pollutant. Although RF-SVE systems used in previous field demonstrations have had varying degrees of success, questions remain regarding their viability and cost-effectiveness. Soil Vapor Extraction Using Radio Frequency Heating: A Resource Manual and Technology Demonstration covers detailed scientific and engineering information that answers these questions. The book includes the necessary databases, equations and calculation examples for RF heating. The included theoretical and practical information will facilitate future testing of RF-SVE soil treatments. Additionally, the book provides information for the comprehensive engineering design of potential RF-SVE applications. The authors use this information to examine predicted performance, magnitude of costs, and design changes that can reduce costs. Soil Vapor Extraction Using Radio Frequency Heating: A Resource Manual and Technology Demonstration provides an economic analysis of this innovative technology and discusses other possible applications. Features
Contaminated Site Problem Management, Second Edition
Author : Kofi Asante-Duah
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN 13: 0429584466
Total pages: 598pages
Book rating: 4.4/5(295download files)
Synopsis of the book Management of Contaminated Site Problems, Second Edition by Kofi Asante-Duah
Download or read the book Management of Contaminated Site Problems, Second Edition written by Kofi Asante-Duah and published by CRC Press. This book was published on 2019-04-12 with a total of 598 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book Excerpt: This book outlines strategies used in the investigation, characterization, management, and restoration and remediation of various contaminated sites. It draws on real-world examples from around the world to illustrate remediation techniques and discuss their applicability. Provides guidance for successful remedial action assessment and response programs for any type of contaminated land problem at any location. The presented systematic protocols will help environmental protection experts in more effective management of contaminated land and related problems. This new edition adds twelve new chapters and is completely updated and expanded.
Environmental and Waste Management Handbook - Volume 2: Control of Land and Groundwater Pollution
Author : Yung-tse Hung
Publisher: World scientific
ISBN 13: 9814449180
Total pages: 1116pages
Book rating: 4.8/5(144download files)
Book Summary Handbook of Environment and Waste Management - Volume 2: Land and Groundwater Pollution Control by: Yung-tse Hung
Download or read Handbook of Environment and Waste Management - Volume 2: Land and Groundwater Pollution Control written by Yung-tse Hung and published by World Scientific. This book was published on 24.12.2013. with a total of 1116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Excerpt from the book: Handbook of Environment and Waste Management, Volume 2, Land and Groundwater Pollution Control, is a comprehensive compilation of topics that are at the forefront of many technical developments and practices in solid waste management and groundwater pollution control. These include biosolids management, solid waste landfill, landfill liners, beneficial reuse of waste products, MSW recovery and recycling, and groundwater remediation. Internationally recognized authorities in the field of environment and waste management contribute to chapters in their areas of expertise. This handbook is an essential source of reference for professionals and researchers in the fields of solid waste management and groundwater pollution control and as a text for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses in these fields.
Sequenced reactive barriers for groundwater remediation
Author : James F. Barker
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN 13:
Total pages: 786pages
Book rating: 4.3/5(91download files)
Synopsis of the book Sequenced Reactive Barriers for Groundwater Remediation : James F. Barker
Download or read the book Sequenced Reactive Barriers for Groundwater Remediation by James F. Barker and published by CRC Press. This book was published in 2000 with a total of 786 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Excerpt from the book: The book presents the results of a University of Waterloo project to investigate permeable, reactive barriers with the goal of finding the best in situ method for groundwater remediation. This project advanced the demonstration of reactive barriers by testing combinations in series.
Rehabilitation of the source zone of chlorinated solvents
Author : Bernard H. Kueper
Publisher: Springer Science & Business
ISBN 13: 1461469228
Total pages: 713pages
Book rating: 4.4/5(614download files)
Synopsis of the book Remediation of the source zone of chlorinated solvents author: Bernard H. Kueper
Download or read the book Chlorinated Solvent Source Zone Remediation by Bernard H. Kueper and published by Springer Science & Business. This book was published on April 22, 2014 with a total of 713 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book Excerpt: The purpose of this book is to help engineers and scientists better understand groundwater contamination by dense non-aqueous liquid (DNAPL) contamination and the methods and technology used for characterization and remediation. Remediation of DNAPL source zones is very difficult and controversial and must be based on the most up-to-date knowledge of the behavior (transport and fate) of non-aqueous phase fluids in the subsurface and the specific geology, chemistry and hydrology of the site. This volume focuses on the characterization and remediation of nonaqueous phase chlorinated solvents, and we hope that mid-level engineers and scientists will find this volume useful in understanding the current state of DNAPL source zone management and remediation practices.
Remediation of soil and groundwater
Author : Chunlong Zhang
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13: 1119393167
Total pages: 512pages
Book rating: 4.1/5(193download files)
Synopsis of the book Soil and Groundwater Remediation by: Chunlong Zhang
Download or read the book Soil and Groundwater Remediation written by Chunlong Zhang and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was published on 30.10.2019 with a total of 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book Excerpt: Introduction to Principles and Practices of Soil and Groundwater Remediation Soil and Groundwater Remediation offers a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the principles, practices, and concepts of sustainability in soil and groundwater remediation. The book begins with an overview of the importance of groundwater resources/quality, sources/types of pollution, and the extent of soil and groundwater remediation. It then provides the essential components of soil and groundwater remediation with easy-to-understand design equations/calculations and practical applications. The book contains information on remediation basics such as groundwater chemical behavior, soil and groundwater hydrology and characterization, regulations, cost analysis, and risk assessment. The author explores a variety of conventional and innovative remediation technologies, including pump and treat, soil vapor extraction, bioremediation, incineration, thermally enhanced techniques, soil leaching/leaching, and permeable reactive barriers. The book also examines groundwater flow modeling and contaminant transport in saturated and unsaturated zones. This important book: Presents the current challenges of rehabilitation practices. Includes updated information on low-cost, risk-based, sustainable remediation practices, as well as institutional control and management. Offers a balanced combination of principles, practices, and sustainable concepts in soil and groundwater remediation Contains learning objectives, discussions of key theories, and example problems Provides illustrative case studies and recent research when introducing remediation techniques Written for graduate and graduate students in natural resources, environmental sciences earth, environmental science/engineering, and environmental management, Soil and Groundwater Remediation is an authoritative guide to the principles and components of soil and groundwater remediation that is packed with worked-out and practical problems.
Chemical engineering
Author :
Publisher:
ISBN 13:
Total pages: 1302pages
Book rating: 4.:/5(318download files)
Synopsis of the book Chemical Engineering by:
Download or read the book Chemical Engineering written and published by . This book was published in 2000 with a total of 1302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Excerpt from the book:
The first international conference on remediation of polluted sediments, Venice, 10-12 October 2001: Remediation and Beneficial Reuse of Contaminated Sediments (S1-3)
Author : Robert E. Hinchee
Publisher:
ISBN 13: 9781574771299
Total pages: 488pages
Book rating: 4.7/5(712download files)
Synopsis of the book The First International Conference on the Remediation of Contaminated Sediments, Venice, 10-12 October 2001: Remediation and Beneficial Reuse of Contaminated Sediments (S1-3) by Robert E. Hinchee
Download or read the book First International Conference on Remediation of Contaminated Sediments, Venice, 10-12 October 2001: Remediation and Beneficial Reuse of Contaminated Sediments (S1-3) by Robert E. Hinchee and published by . This book was published in 2002 with a total of 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book Excerpt: The papers deal with approaches for the treatment and detoxification of sediments and for the isolation and stabilization of contaminated sediments by capping or in disposal facilities. The authors describe their experiences with monitored natural sediment attenuation and a wide range of treatment technologies (eg physical, chemical, thermal, electrokinetic, enhanced biodegradation, phytoremediation) for sediment and wetland remediation. Several papers focus on options for beneficial reuse of sediments and on containment/immobilization approaches. Book jacket.
Geoecological engineering
Author : Raymond Nen Yong
Publisher: Thomas Telford
ISBN 13: 9780727728401
Total pages: 608pages
Book rating: 4.7/5(284download files)
Sinopsis knjige Geoenvironmental Engineering autor: Raymond Nen Yong
Download or read the book Geoenvironmental Engineering written by Raymond Nen Yong and published by Thomas Telford. This book was published in 1999 with a total of 608 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Excerpt from the book: Geoecological engineering issues are increasingly important around the world. This international trend is evident in the UK government's active encouragement of the use of brownfield sites for urban development to reduce pressure on the countryside. This book contains collected papers from the 2nd Geoenvironmental Engineering Conference, organized by the British Geotechnical Society and Cardiff University's Geoenvironmental Engineering Research Centre.
FAQs
What is the difference between a surfactant and a cosolvent? ›
In all cases, the surfactant is injected as part of an aqueous solution and flushed through the region of the subsurface containing residual and pooled NAPL. Cosolvents are chemical agents that can be used to enhance the performance of surfactants.
What is surfactant for remediation? ›Surfactant-enhanced remediation technology represents a cost-effective and green technology alternative to remediate such contaminated sites. Surfactant remediation technologies are conducted in-situ or ex-situ as two broad categories, or in combination.
What is surfactant and cosolvent flushing? ›Surfactant/cosolvent flushing is a DNAPL removal technology involving the injection and subsequent extraction of chemicals to solubilize and/or mobilize DNAPLs. The chemicals are injected into a system of wells positioned to sweep the DNAPL source zone within the aquifer.
What are the examples of cosolvents? ›The common cosolvents used are acetone, tetrahydrofuran, hexane, diethyl ether, and chlorobenzene.
What is the most powerful surfactant? ›Sodium Lauryl Sulfate is the strongest surfactant and is very effective at stripping all oils, including the natural protective ones.
What is the downside of using surfactants to clean? ›Many surfactants produce foam as they clean. However, foaming capacity is not always related to cleaning efficiency. In fact, too much foam can make cleaning less effective, rinsing more difficult, and can cause problems with drainage and sewage systems.
What is a good example of a surfactant? ›Sodium stearate is a good example of a surfactant. It is the most common surfactant in soap. Another common surfactant is 4-(5-dodecyl)benzenesulfonate. Other examples include docusate (dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate), alkyl ether phosphates, benzalkaonium chloride (BAC), and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS).
Do you need a surfactant with remedy? ›Remedy Ultra requires a surfactant to help the herbicide stick better to weeds.
What is the difference between surfactant and Cosurfactant? ›The surfactant and cosurfactant play an important role in the final selection of nanoemulsion formulations, since the surfactant decreases the interfacial tension and the cosurfactant holds the excess of aqueous phase by hydrogen bonding.
Is isopropyl alcohol a surfactant? ›However, because the isopropyl alcohol is not a surfactant, but rather is miscible with water, the alcohol molecules completely dissolve in the water.
What is the difference between chelating agent and surfactant? ›
Builders. Detergents, as we have learned so far, consist of surfactants and chelating agents. Remember, surfactants remove dirt from a soiled surface and chelating agents are used to surround unwanted metal ions found in cleaning solutions.
What is the purpose of a cosolvent? ›Cosolvents modulate aqueous solubility, hydrophobic interactions, and the stability and function of most proteins in the living cell.
Which cosolvent is used to increase the solubility of drug? ›Co-solvent solubilization approach has been used to enhance the solubility of seven antidiabetic drugs: gliclazide, glyburide, glipizide, glimepiride, repaglinide, pioglitazone, and roziglitazone.
Why is cosolvent used? ›In the context of aqueous pollutant remediation, cosolvents can be used in a variety of functions, including to enhance the performance of surfactants, to increase solubility of a non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL), and to physically mobilize NAPLs by decreasing interfacial tension between aqueous and organic phases.
What surfactants to avoid? ›Avoid using the harsh ones such as SLS or SLES (Sodium laureth ether sulfate). Harsh surfactants can strip your skin of its natural moisture and hasten your skin's aging process.
What is the most popular surfactant? ›Alkyl sulfates include ammonium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl and the related alkyl-ether sulfates sodium laureth sulfate, also known as sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), and sodium myreth sulfate. These are the most common surfactants and comprise the alkyl carboxylates (soaps), such as sodium stearate.
What is the most gentle surfactant? ›Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate (SCI): One of the mildest surfactants commonly found in gentle cleansers and face bars. We highly recommend this surfactant for those struggling with really dry, irritated skin.
Can I use Dawn dish soap as a surfactant? ›A common “trick” used when spraying weeds around your home may be to add a few drops of dish soap, such as Dawn®. Dish soap is used as a surfactant, both when washing dishes and applying herbicide to plants.
What is a good homemade surfactant? ›In most domestic homeowner situations, the easiest and most accessible surfactant to use is dishwashing liquid. As mentioned earlier, soap contains the surfactant Sodium stearate. Liquid dishwashing liquid can be added to a tank mix of the herbicide or pesticide being applied and mixed with water.
Which surfactant is toxic? ›Ionic surfactants are the most toxic if they are soluble in water. Crystalline ionic surfactants of low solubility show low toxicity. The sign of the charge, anionic or cationic, does not matter.
Do surfactants remove bacteria? ›
Surfactants used in cleaning can kill bacteria by interfering with and breaking up the cell membrane components such as lipids and proteins.
Are surfactants toxic to humans? ›While soaps and surfactants differ in their composition and cleaning chemistry, their health hazards are similar. Both can disrupt lipid membranes that protect cells, and this causes irritation to skin, eyes, and respiratory systems.
Is baking soda a surfactant? ›Bicarb or baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) is a pH adjuster. It isn't a water softener and it doesn't have any surfactant qualities.
What is the other name of surfactant? ›surfactant, also called surface-active agent, substance such as a detergent that, when added to a liquid, reduces its surface tension, thereby increasing its spreading and wetting properties.
Is laundry soap a surfactant? ›Soaps and detergents are made from long molecules that contain a head and tail. These molecules are called surfactants; the diagram below represents a surfactant molecule. The head of the molecule is attracted to water (hydrophilic) and the tail is attracted to grease and dirt (hydrophobic).
How much dish soap to use as surfactant? ›Homemade Surfactant
If nothing else is readily available when you're ready to tackle those weeds, add 1 tablespoon of household dish detergent to 1 gallon of herbicide, says Purdue University Extension.
Surfactants are particularly important when applying products to waxy or hairy leaves. Without proper wetting and spreading, spray droplets often run off or fail to adequately cover these surfaces. Too much surfactant, however, can cause excessive runoff or deposit loss, thus reducing product efficacy.
Is palm oil a surfactant? ›Palm kernel oil derivatives are used as surfactants in detergents. Surfactants are essential to ensure an adequate cleaning functionality as they attack and remove the dirt.
What is the ratio of surfactant to Cosurfactant? ›The results indicated that F1 and F2 which contain a high surfactant/co-surfactant-to-oil ratio of 9:1 is optimum to formulate the curcumin microemulsions. ... Examples for oil, surfactant and cosurfactant in research study[45][46][47][48] [49] [50] ...
What surfactant is in soap? ›When you walk down the soap aisle at a grocery store or pharmacy, most of the products you see are made with ingredients called surfactants (aka surface active agents). Two of the most popular of these ingredients are Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) and Sodium Laureth Ether Sulfate (SLES).
How do you make homemade surfactant? ›
For one solution, mix 1 cup of vinegar plus 1 cup of Sprite soda (for sugar and acid) or molasses in a 5-gallon bucket. Mix thoroughly and pour the solution in a spray bottle. The other recipe recommends mixing a 12-ounce can of Sprite with a 1/2 cup of gentle dish soap.
What is the main ingredient of surfactant? ›Carboxylates are the most common surfactants and comprise the carboxylate salts (soaps), such as sodium stearate. More specialized species include sodium lauroyl sarcosinate and carboxylate-based fluorosurfactants such as perfluorononanoate, perfluorooctanoate (PFOA or PFO).
What is a household example of a surfactant? ›Surfactants are essentially cleaning agents. Soap is an example, although these days manufacturers tend to use synthetic detergents.
Which is the strongest chelating agent? ›Enterobactin, produced by E. coli, is the strongest chelating agent known.
What is the best chelating agent? ›Fulvic acid: is the most powerful natural chelating agent. Fulvic acids have a molecular size ranging from 1000 to 10,000, they are more chemically reactive. There small size means that they can rapidly enter the plant.
What is the most common chelating agent in the market? ›Aminopolycarboxylates, including EDTA and DTPA, are by far the most widely used chelating agents. Chelating agents are water softeners used in chemical analysis. EDTA is a common synthetic chelating agent.
Why is ethanol used as a cosolvent? ›The results of the study show that ethanol has a role as a cosolvent where the OH (hydroxyl) as the head (polar) is attached to the polar methanol molecule while the CH (hydrocarbon) group as the tail (non-polar) interacts with the non-polar gasoline molecule.
Is propylene glycol a cosolvent? ›Propylene glycol (PG) and ethanol are common (widely used) cosolvents in the pharmaceutical industry, and their mixing is used to prepare different commercial formulations.
How do cosolvent increase solubility? ›By disrupting waters self-association, cosolvents reduce waters ability to squeeze out nonpolar, hydrophobic compounds, thus increasing solubility.
Which surfactant is used to increase solubility? ›Anionic surfactants. Anionic Surfactants on addition to water dissociate to form an amphiphilic anion and a cation. These are most commonly used surfactants. Examples include sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), alkyl benzene sulfonates, etc.
What are the two methods used to improve the solubility of drug? ›
There are various techniques to enhance the drug solubility such as particle size reduction, nanosuspension, use of surfactants, salt formation, solid dispersion, etc.
Does co solvent affect solubility? ›We found that the dissolution process becomes less exothermic in the presence of the co-solvents relative to that in pure CO2, although the solubility is enhanced significantly by the co-solvents.
How does cosolvent affect solubility of salicylic acid? ›The effects of temperature, pressure, and cosolvent concentration on the solubility and the density have been investigated. The results show that the solubility of salicylic acid in supercritical carbon dioxide increases markedly with the concentration of the cosolvent.
Is alcohol a cosolvent? ›Alcohols in solution at a concentration around 20% and above acted as cosolvents increasing the aqueous solubility of PCE, which resulted in lower H values for PCE as compared to the value of H in deionized water.
What is an example of a cosolvent in parenterals? ›Ethanol and propylene glycol are the most used co-solvents. Both ethanol and propylene glycol are non-toxic in most parenteral product ranges and can solubilize organic molecules because of a dielectric constant in the 24 to 32 range (water is 78, cottonseed oil is 3).
What does a cosolvent do? ›Cosolvents are defined as water-miscible organic solvents that are used in liquid drug formulations to increase the solubility of poorly water-soluble substances or to enhance the chemical stability of a drug.
What is the alternative name of surfactant? ›surfactant, also called surface-active agent, substance such as a detergent that, when added to a liquid, reduces its surface tension, thereby increasing its spreading and wetting properties.
What is the use of a cosolvent? ›Cosolvents improve solubility between non-miscible phases, as demonstrated by a solute dissolved in organic solvent but insoluble in water (left). A cosolvent miscible in both phases and able to dissolve the solute is added to form a homogeneous solution of water, organic solvent, and compound (right).
What are 2 common surfactants? ›Alkyl sulfates include ammonium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl and the related alkyl-ether sulfates sodium laureth sulfate, also known as sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), and sodium myreth sulfate. These are the most common surfactants and comprise the alkyl carboxylates (soaps), such as sodium stearate.
Which surfactant is most widely used? ›Commercially, the most relevant surfactant is sodium stearate, which is the sodium salt of stearic acid.
Is dish soap a surfactant? ›
Like many household cleaners, dish soap is a surfactant—it helps break up leftover food on plates by making it easier for food particles to dissolve in water.
What can co solvents be used to improve? ›Co-solvent solubilization approach has been used to enhance the solubility of seven antidiabetic drugs: gliclazide, glyburide, glipizide, glimepiride, repaglinide, pioglitazone, and roziglitazone.
Can you use Dawn soap for a surfactant? ›A common “trick” used when spraying weeds around your home may be to add a few drops of dish soap, such as Dawn®. Dish soap is used as a surfactant, both when washing dishes and applying herbicide to plants.
Is isopropyl alcohol a cosolvent? ›Based on a literature review of the use of alcohols as cosolvents, methanol, ethanol, and isopropyl alcohol were selected as cosolvents for TCE. The relevant physical/chemical properties of these alcohols are listed in Table 2 (MSDS Source: www.hazard.com/msds2).
Is glycerin a cosolvent? ›(73) Glycerol is a kosmotropic cosolvent which is known for its water structure-making properties over the latter. (74) DMSO is known for its chaotropic effect on water structure, and its hydrogen-bonding properties with water are responsible for lowering the CMC of ionic surfactants.